Offensive Realism

Offensive Realism is a structural theory that emerged from the Realism school in international relations. It disputes the classical realist assertion that states are primarily driven by a survival instinct, arguing instead that they are motivated by power and the desire to dominate.

The hypothesis of Offensive Realism was first introduced by controversial scholar John J. Mearsheimer in his book “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”. Mearsheimer posits that the anarchical nature of the international order compels states to increase their power and influence to ensure their own security. The ultimate aim for any state, according to Mearsheimer, is to achieve a hegemonic status. (see hegemony)

Offensive Realism applies heavily to thinkers and workers who study international politics and world history. It offers a lens through which to understand global dynamics, foreign policies, and the reasons behind certain wars. It fundamentally views the international system as a competitive arena where states contend for power and security.

A pronounced example of Offensive Realism in action can be found in the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers pursued policies to expand their global reach and influence, eschewing balance for supremacy. The space race, nuclear arms race, and ideological warfare can all be considered illustrations of Offensive Realism.

Related concepts include Defensive Realism, which proposes a more benign view of state behavior, Neorealism, which focuses on how the nature of the international system influences state behavior, and Power Transition Theory, which examines how the rise and fall of great powers lead to global conflict.

In addition to Mearsheimer, other prominent authors in the field include Kenneth Waltz, who is largely seen as the father of Neorealism, and Robert Jervis, who is associated with Defensive Realism. It’s important to note that these theories, while similar, have distinct differences and interpretations of international politics.

To further grasp the intricacies of Offensive Realism and its position within the broader scope of international relations theories, it’s highly recommended to delve deeper into the subject. A comprehensive resource to further understand this topic is this Wikipedia article.

​1. The international system is anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or mediate disputes between states.

​2. States are the primary actors in international politics, and non-state actors like international organizations or multinational corporations are less significant.

​3. States are rational actors, making decisions based on calculations of self-interest and the pursuit of power.

​4. Security is a primary concern for all states, and the best way to ensure security is through power and dominance.

​5. States are inherently aggressive and will seek to increase their power whenever opportunities arise.

​6. The balance of power is unstable and states will always strive for hegemony.

​7. Wars are a natural outcome of the international system as states compete for power and security.

States look for opportunities to gain more power. And when they see a chance, they will jump for it.